codon build command: add --cir output type option (#649)

* Fix argument ordering in JIT

* Format

* Update JIT tests

* Fix JIT test

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Prepare Artifacts
         run: |
           cp -rf codon-deploy/python/dist .
-          rm -rf codon-deploy/lib/libfmt.a codon-deploy/lib/pkgconfig codon-deploy/lib/cmake codon-deploy/python/codon.egg-info codon-deploy/python/dist codon-deploy/python/build
+          rm -rf codon-deploy/lib/libfmt.a codon-deploy/lib/pkgconfig codon-deploy/lib/cmake codon-deploy/python/codon_jit.egg-info codon-deploy/python/build
           tar -czf ${CODON_BUILD_ARCHIVE} codon-deploy
           du -sh codon-deploy
 

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
 project(
   Codon
-  VERSION "0.18.0"
+  VERSION "0.18.2"
   HOMEPAGE_URL "https://github.com/exaloop/codon"
   DESCRIPTION "high-performance, extensible Python compiler")
-set(CODON_JIT_PYTHON_VERSION "0.3.0")
+set(CODON_JIT_PYTHON_VERSION "0.3.2")
 configure_file("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/config.h.in"
                "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/codon/config/config.h")
 configure_file("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/config.py.in"
@@ -48,10 +48,8 @@ include(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/deps.cmake)
 set(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH ON)
 if(APPLE)
   set(CMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH "@loader_path;@loader_path/../lib/codon")
-  set(STATIC_LIBCPP "")
 else()
   set(CMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH "$ORIGIN:$ORIGIN/../lib/codon")
-  set(STATIC_LIBCPP "-static-libstdc++")
 endif()
 
 add_executable(peg2cpp codon/util/peg2cpp.cpp)
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ target_include_directories(codonrt PRIVATE ${backtrace_SOURCE_DIR}
                                            ${highway_SOURCE_DIR}
                                            "${gc_SOURCE_DIR}/include"
                                            "${fast_float_SOURCE_DIR}/include" runtime)
-target_link_libraries(codonrt PRIVATE fmt omp backtrace ${STATIC_LIBCPP} LLVMSupport)
+target_link_libraries(codonrt PRIVATE fmt omp backtrace LLVMSupport)
 if(APPLE)
   target_link_libraries(
     codonrt
@@ -434,11 +432,7 @@ llvm_map_components_to_libnames(
   TransformUtils
   Vectorize
   Passes)
-if(APPLE)
+target_link_libraries(codonc PRIVATE ${LLVM_LIBS} fmt dl codonrt)
-  target_link_libraries(codonc PRIVATE ${LLVM_LIBS} fmt dl codonrt)
-else()
-  target_link_libraries(codonc PRIVATE ${STATIC_LIBCPP} ${LLVM_LIBS} fmt dl codonrt)
-endif()
 
 # Gather headers
 add_custom_target(
@@ -482,13 +476,13 @@ add_dependencies(libs codonrt codonc)
 
 # Codon command-line tool
 add_executable(codon codon/app/main.cpp)
-target_link_libraries(codon PUBLIC ${STATIC_LIBCPP} fmt codonc codon_jupyter Threads::Threads)
+target_link_libraries(codon PUBLIC fmt codonc codon_jupyter Threads::Threads)
 
 # Codon test Download and unpack googletest at configure time
 include(FetchContent)
 FetchContent_Declare(
   googletest
-  URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/609281088cfefc76f9d0ce82e1ff6c30cc3591e5.zip
+  URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/03597a01ee50ed33e9dfd640b249b4be3799d395.zip
 )
 # For Windows: Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker settings
 set(gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)

README.md

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ print(total)
 ```
 
 Note that Codon automatically turns the `total += 1` statement in the loop body into an atomic
-reduction to avoid race conditions. Learn more in the [multitheading docs](advanced/parallel.md).
+reduction to avoid race conditions. Learn more in the [multithreading docs](https://docs.exaloop.io/codon/advanced/parallel).
 
 Codon also supports writing and executing GPU kernels. Here's an example that computes the
 [Mandelbrot set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set):

cmake/deps.cmake

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-set(CPM_DOWNLOAD_VERSION 0.32.3)
+set(CPM_DOWNLOAD_VERSION 0.40.8)
 set(CPM_DOWNLOAD_LOCATION "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/cmake/CPM_${CPM_DOWNLOAD_VERSION}.cmake")
 if(NOT (EXISTS ${CPM_DOWNLOAD_LOCATION}))
     message(STATUS "Downloading CPM.cmake...")
-    file(DOWNLOAD https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake/releases/download/v${CPM_DOWNLOAD_VERSION}/CPM.cmake ${CPM_DOWNLOAD_LOCATION})
+    file(DOWNLOAD https://github.com/cpm-cmake/CPM.cmake/releases/download/v${CPM_DOWNLOAD_VERSION}/CPM.cmake ${CPM_DOWNLOAD_LOCATION})
 endif()
 include(${CPM_DOWNLOAD_LOCATION})
 
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ endif()
 
 CPMAddPackage(
     NAME bdwgc
-    GITHUB_REPOSITORY "ivmai/bdwgc"
+    GITHUB_REPOSITORY "exaloop/bdwgc"
     VERSION 8.0.5
-    GIT_TAG d0ba209660ea8c663e06d9a68332ba5f42da54ba
+    GIT_TAG e16c67244aff26802203060422545d38305e0160
     EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL YES
     OPTIONS "CMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON"
             "BUILD_SHARED_LIBS OFF"
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ if(NOT APPLE)
     CPMAddPackage(
         NAME openblas
         GITHUB_REPOSITORY "OpenMathLib/OpenBLAS"
-        GIT_TAG v0.3.28
+        GIT_TAG v0.3.29
         EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL YES
         OPTIONS "DYNAMIC_ARCH ON"
                 "BUILD_TESTING OFF"

codon/app/main.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "codon/cir/util/format.h"
 #include "codon/compiler/compiler.h"
 #include "codon/compiler/error.h"
 #include "codon/compiler/jit.h"
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ void initLogFlags(const llvm::cl::opt<std::string> &log) {
     codon::getLogger().parse(std::string(d));
 }
 
-enum BuildKind { LLVM, Bitcode, Object, Executable, Library, PyExtension, Detect };
+enum BuildKind { LLVM, Bitcode, Object, Executable, Library, PyExtension, Detect, CIR };
 enum OptMode { Debug, Release };
 enum Numerics { C, Python };
 } // namespace
@@ -333,6 +334,7 @@ int buildMode(const std::vector<const char *> &args, const std::string &argv0) {
           clEnumValN(Executable, "exe", "Generate executable"),
           clEnumValN(Library, "lib", "Generate shared library"),
           clEnumValN(PyExtension, "pyext", "Generate Python extension module"),
+          clEnumValN(CIR, "cir", "Generate Codon Intermediate Representation"),
           clEnumValN(Detect, "detect",
                      "Detect output type based on output file extension")),
       llvm::cl::init(Detect));
@@ -372,6 +374,9 @@ int buildMode(const std::vector<const char *> &args, const std::string &argv0) {
   case BuildKind::Detect:
     extension = "";
     break;
+  case BuildKind::CIR:
+    extension = ".cir";
+    break;
   default:
     seqassertn(0, "unknown build kind");
   }
@@ -401,6 +406,11 @@ int buildMode(const std::vector<const char *> &args, const std::string &argv0) {
     compiler->getLLVMVisitor()->writeToPythonExtension(*compiler->getCache()->pyModule,
                                                        filename);
     break;
+  case BuildKind::CIR: {
+    std::ofstream out(filename);
+    codon::ir::util::format(out, compiler->getModule());
+    break;
+  }
   case BuildKind::Detect:
     compiler->getLLVMVisitor()->compile(filename, argv0, libsVec, lflags);
     break;

codon/cir/transform/parallel/openmp.cpp

@@ -402,7 +402,8 @@ struct ReductionIdentifier : public util::Operator {
   static void extractAssociativeOpChain(Value *v, const std::string &op,
                                         types::Type *type,
                                         std::vector<Value *> &result) {
-    if (util::isCallOf(v, op, {type, type}, type, /*method=*/true)) {
+    if (util::isCallOf(v, op, {type, nullptr}, type, /*method=*/true) ||
+        util::isCallOf(v, op, {nullptr, type}, type, /*method=*/true)) {
       auto *call = cast<CallInstr>(v);
       extractAssociativeOpChain(call->front(), op, type, result);
       extractAssociativeOpChain(call->back(), op, type, result);
@@ -450,7 +451,8 @@ struct ReductionIdentifier : public util::Operator {
 
     for (auto &rf : reductionFunctions) {
       if (rf.method) {
-        if (!util::isCallOf(item, rf.name, {type, type}, type, /*method=*/true))
+        if (!(util::isCallOf(item, rf.name, {type, nullptr}, type, /*method=*/true) ||
+              util::isCallOf(item, rf.name, {nullptr, type}, type, /*method=*/true)))
           continue;
       } else {
         if (!util::isCallOf(item, rf.name,
@@ -464,8 +466,7 @@ struct ReductionIdentifier : public util::Operator {
 
       if (rf.method) {
         std::vector<Value *> opChain;
-        extractAssociativeOpChain(callRHS, rf.name, callRHS->front()->getType(),
+        extractAssociativeOpChain(callRHS, rf.name, type, opChain);
-                                  opChain);
         if (opChain.size() < 2)
           continue;
 

codon/cir/util/irtools.cpp

@@ -38,16 +38,21 @@ bool isCallOf(const Value *value, const std::string &name,
 
     unsigned i = 0;
     for (auto *arg : *call) {
-      if (!arg->getType()->is(inputs[i++]))
+      if (inputs[i] && !arg->getType()->is(inputs[i]))
         return false;
+      ++i;
     }
 
     if (output && !value->getType()->is(output))
       return false;
 
-    if (method &&
+    if (method) {
-        (inputs.empty() || !fn->getParentType() || !fn->getParentType()->is(inputs[0])))
+      if (inputs.empty() || !fn->getParentType())
-      return false;
+        return false;
+
+      if (inputs[0] && !fn->getParentType()->is(inputs[0]))
+        return false;
+    }
 
     return true;
   }

codon/compiler/jit.cpp

@@ -263,21 +263,21 @@ ir::types::Type *JIT::PythonData::getCObjType(ir::Module *M) {
   return cobj;
 }
 
-JITResult JIT::executeSafe(const std::string &code, const std::string &file, int line,
+JIT::JITResult JIT::executeSafe(const std::string &code, const std::string &file,
-                           bool debug) {
+                                int line, bool debug) {
   auto result = execute(code, file, line, debug);
   if (auto err = result.takeError()) {
     auto errorInfo = llvm::toString(std::move(err));
     return JITResult::error(errorInfo);
   }
-  return JITResult::success(nullptr);
+  return JITResult::success();
 }
 
-JITResult JIT::executePython(const std::string &name,
+JIT::JITResult JIT::executePython(const std::string &name,
-                             const std::vector<std::string> &types,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &types,
-                             const std::string &pyModule,
+                                  const std::string &pyModule,
-                             const std::vector<std::string> &pyVars, void *arg,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &pyVars, void *arg,
-                             bool debug) {
+                                  bool debug) {
   auto key = buildKey(name, types);
   auto &cache = pydata->cache;
   auto it = cache.find(key);
@@ -322,26 +322,48 @@ JITResult JIT::executePython(const std::string &name,
   }
 }
 
-JIT *jitInit(const std::string &name) {
+} // namespace jit
-  auto jit = new JIT(name);
+} // namespace codon
+
+void *jit_init(char *name) {
+  auto jit = new codon::jit::JIT(std::string(name));
   llvm::cantFail(jit->init());
   return jit;
 }
 
-JITResult jitExecutePython(JIT *jit, const std::string &name,
+void jit_exit(void *jit) { delete ((codon::jit::JIT *)jit); }
-                           const std::vector<std::string> &types,
+
-                           const std::string &pyModule,
+CJITResult jit_execute_python(void *jit, char *name, char **types, size_t types_size,
-                           const std::vector<std::string> &pyVars, void *arg,
+                              char *pyModule, char **py_vars, size_t py_vars_size,
-                           bool debug) {
+                              void *arg, uint8_t debug) {
-  return jit->executePython(name, types, pyModule, pyVars, arg, debug);
+  std::vector<std::string> cppTypes;
+  cppTypes.reserve(types_size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < types_size; i++)
+    cppTypes.emplace_back(types[i]);
+  std::vector<std::string> cppPyVars;
+  cppPyVars.reserve(py_vars_size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < py_vars_size; i++)
+    cppPyVars.emplace_back(py_vars[i]);
+  auto t = ((codon::jit::JIT *)jit)
+               ->executePython(std::string(name), cppTypes, std::string(pyModule),
+                               cppPyVars, arg, bool(debug));
+  void *result = t.result;
+  char *message =
+      t.message.empty() ? nullptr : strndup(t.message.c_str(), t.message.size());
+  return {result, message};
 }
 
-JITResult jitExecuteSafe(JIT *jit, const std::string &code, const std::string &file,
+CJITResult jit_execute_safe(void *jit, char *code, char *file, int32_t line,
-                         int line, bool debug) {
+                            uint8_t debug) {
-  return jit->executeSafe(code, file, line, debug);
+  auto t = ((codon::jit::JIT *)jit)
+               ->executeSafe(std::string(code), std::string(file), line, bool(debug));
+  void *result = t.result;
+  char *message =
+      t.message.empty() ? nullptr : strndup(t.message.c_str(), t.message.size());
+  return {result, message};
 }
 
-std::string getJITLibrary() { return ast::library_path(); }
+char *get_jit_library() {
-
+  auto t = codon::ast::library_path();
-} // namespace jit
+  return strndup(t.c_str(), t.size());
-} // namespace codon
+}

codon/compiler/jit.h

@@ -31,6 +31,15 @@ public:
     ir::types::Type *getCObjType(ir::Module *M);
   };
 
+  struct JITResult {
+    void *result;
+    std::string message;
+
+    operator bool() const { return message.empty(); }
+    static JITResult success(void *result = nullptr) { return {result, ""}; }
+    static JITResult error(const std::string &message) { return {nullptr, message}; }
+  };
+
 private:
   std::unique_ptr<Compiler> compiler;
   std::unique_ptr<Engine> engine;

codon/compiler/jit_extern.h

@@ -2,35 +2,30 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <string>
+#include <stddef.h>
-#include <vector>
+#include <stdint.h>
 
-namespace codon {
+#ifdef __cplusplus
-namespace jit {
+extern "C" {
+#endif
 
-class JIT;
+struct CJITResult {
-
-struct JITResult {
   void *result;
-  std::string message;
+  char *error;
-
-  operator bool() const { return message.empty(); }
-  static JITResult success(void *result) { return {result, ""}; }
-  static JITResult error(const std::string &message) { return {nullptr, message}; }
 };
 
-JIT *jitInit(const std::string &name);
+void *jit_init(char *name);
+void jit_exit(void *jit);
 
-JITResult jitExecutePython(JIT *jit, const std::string &name,
+struct CJITResult jit_execute_python(void *jit, char *name, char **types,
-                           const std::vector<std::string> &types,
+                                     size_t types_size, char *pyModule, char **py_vars,
-                           const std::string &pyModule,
+                                     size_t py_vars_size, void *arg, uint8_t debug);
-                           const std::vector<std::string> &pyVars, void *arg,
-                           bool debug);
 
-JITResult jitExecuteSafe(JIT *jit, const std::string &code, const std::string &file,
+struct CJITResult jit_execute_safe(void *jit, char *code, char *file, int32_t line,
-                         int line, bool debug);
+                                   uint8_t debug);
 
-std::string getJITLibrary();
+char *get_jit_library();
 
-} // namespace jit
+#ifdef __cplusplus
-} // namespace codon
+}
+#endif

docs/README.md

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ print(total)
 ```
 
 Note that Codon automatically turns the `total += 1` statement in the loop body into an atomic
-reduction to avoid race conditions. Learn more in the [multitheading docs](advanced/parallel.md).
+reduction to avoid race conditions. Learn more in the [multithreading docs](advanced/parallel.md).
 
 Codon also supports writing and executing GPU kernels. Here's an example that computes the
 [Mandelbrot set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set):

jit/codon/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2022-2025 Exaloop Inc. <https://exaloop.io>
 
-__all__ = ["jit", "convert", "JITError"]
+__all__ = [
+    "jit", "convert", "JITError", "JITWrapper", "_jit_register_fn", "_jit"
+]
 
-from .decorator import jit, convert, execute, JITError
+from .decorator import jit, convert, execute, JITError, JITWrapper, _jit_register_fn, _jit_callback_fn, _jit

jit/codon/decorator.py

@@ -23,16 +23,14 @@ if "CODON_PATH" not in os.environ:
     if codon_lib_path:
         codon_path.append(Path(codon_lib_path).parent / "stdlib")
     codon_path.append(
-        Path(os.path.expanduser("~")) / ".codon" / "lib" / "codon" / "stdlib"
+        Path(os.path.expanduser("~")) / ".codon" / "lib" / "codon" / "stdlib")
-    )
     for path in codon_path:
         if path.exists():
             os.environ["CODON_PATH"] = str(path.resolve())
             break
     else:
         raise RuntimeError(
-            "Cannot locate Codon. Please install Codon or set CODON_PATH."
+            "Cannot locate Codon. Please install Codon or set CODON_PATH.")
-        )
 
 pod_conversions = {
     type(None): "pyobj",
@@ -61,7 +59,6 @@ pod_conversions = {
 custom_conversions = {}
 _error_msgs = set()
 
-
 def _common_type(t, debug, sample_size):
     sub, is_optional = None, False
     for i in itertools.islice(t, sample_size):
@@ -76,7 +73,6 @@ def _common_type(t, debug, sample_size):
         sub = "Optional[{}]".format(sub)
     return sub if sub else "pyobj"
 
-
 def _codon_type(arg, **kwargs):
     t = type(arg)
 
@@ -88,11 +84,11 @@ def _codon_type(arg, **kwargs):
     if issubclass(t, set):
         return "Set[{}]".format(_common_type(arg, **kwargs))
     if issubclass(t, dict):
-        return "Dict[{},{}]".format(
+        return "Dict[{},{}]".format(_common_type(arg.keys(), **kwargs),
-            _common_type(arg.keys(), **kwargs), _common_type(arg.values(), **kwargs)
+                                    _common_type(arg.values(), **kwargs))
-        )
     if issubclass(t, tuple):
-        return "Tuple[{}]".format(",".join(_codon_type(a, **kwargs) for a in arg))
+        return "Tuple[{}]".format(",".join(
+            _codon_type(a, **kwargs) for a in arg))
     if issubclass(t, np.ndarray):
         if arg.dtype == np.bool_:
             dtype = "bool"
@@ -134,7 +130,8 @@ def _codon_type(arg, **kwargs):
 
     s = custom_conversions.get(t, "")
     if s:
-        j = ",".join(_codon_type(getattr(arg, slot), **kwargs) for slot in t.__slots__)
+        j = ",".join(
+            _codon_type(getattr(arg, slot), **kwargs) for slot in t.__slots__)
         return "{}[{}]".format(s, j)
 
     debug = kwargs.get("debug", None)
@@ -145,28 +142,22 @@ def _codon_type(arg, **kwargs):
             _error_msgs.add(msg)
     return "pyobj"
 
-
 def _codon_types(args, **kwargs):
     return tuple(_codon_type(arg, **kwargs) for arg in args)
 
-
 def _reset_jit():
     global _jit
     _jit = JITWrapper()
-    init_code = (
+    init_code = ("from internal.python import "
-        "from internal.python import "
+                 "setup_decorator, PyTuple_GetItem, PyObject_GetAttrString\n"
-        "setup_decorator, PyTuple_GetItem, PyObject_GetAttrString\n"
+                 "setup_decorator()\n"
-        "setup_decorator()\n"
+                 "import numpy as np\n"
-        "import numpy as np\n"
+                 "import numpy.pybridge\n")
-        "import numpy.pybridge\n"
-    )
     _jit.execute(init_code, "", 0, False)
     return _jit
 
-
 _jit = _reset_jit()
 
-
 class RewriteFunctionArgs(ast.NodeTransformer):
     def __init__(self, args):
         self.args = args
@@ -176,7 +167,6 @@ class RewriteFunctionArgs(ast.NodeTransformer):
             node.args.args.append(ast.arg(arg=a, annotation=None))
         return node
 
-
 def _obj_to_str(obj, **kwargs) -> str:
     if inspect.isclass(obj):
         lines = inspect.getsourcelines(obj)[0]
@@ -185,8 +175,10 @@ def _obj_to_str(obj, **kwargs) -> str:
         obj_name = obj.__name__
     elif callable(obj) or isinstance(obj, str):
         is_str = isinstance(obj, str)
-        lines = [i + '\n' for i in obj.split('\n')] if is_str else inspect.getsourcelines(obj)[0]
+        lines = [i + '\n' for i in obj.split('\n')
-        if not is_str: lines = lines[1:]
+                 ] if is_str else inspect.getsourcelines(obj)[0]
+        if not is_str:
+            lines = lines[1:]
         obj_str = textwrap.dedent(''.join(lines))
 
         pyvars = kwargs.get("pyvars", None)
@@ -195,8 +187,7 @@ def _obj_to_str(obj, **kwargs) -> str:
                 if not isinstance(i, str):
                     raise ValueError("pyvars only takes string literals")
             node = ast.fix_missing_locations(
-                RewriteFunctionArgs(pyvars).visit(ast.parse(obj_str))
+                RewriteFunctionArgs(pyvars).visit(ast.parse(obj_str)))
-            )
             obj_str = astunparse.unparse(node)
         if is_str:
             try:
@@ -206,28 +197,23 @@ def _obj_to_str(obj, **kwargs) -> str:
         else:
             obj_name = obj.__name__
     else:
-        raise TypeError("Function or class expected, got " + type(obj).__name__)
+        raise TypeError("Function or class expected, got " +
+                        type(obj).__name__)
     return obj_name, obj_str.replace("_@par", "@par")
 
-
 def _parse_decorated(obj, **kwargs):
-    return  _obj_to_str(obj, **kwargs)
+    return _obj_to_str(obj, **kwargs)
-
 
 def convert(t):
     if not hasattr(t, "__slots__"):
-        raise JITError("class '{}' does not have '__slots__' attribute".format(str(t)))
+        raise JITError("class '{}' does not have '__slots__' attribute".format(
+            str(t)))
 
     name = t.__name__
     slots = t.__slots__
-    code = (
+    code = ("@tuple\n"
-        "@tuple\n"
+            "class " + name + "[" +
-        "class "
+            ",".join("T{}".format(i) for i in range(len(slots))) + "]:\n")
-        + name
-        + "["
-        + ",".join("T{}".format(i) for i in range(len(slots)))
-        + "]:\n"
-    )
     for i, slot in enumerate(slots):
         code += "    {}: T{}\n".format(slot, i)
 
@@ -235,17 +221,14 @@ def convert(t):
     code += "    def __from_py__(p: cobj):\n"
     for i, slot in enumerate(slots):
         code += "        a{} = T{}.__from_py__(PyObject_GetAttrString(p, '{}'.ptr))\n".format(
-            i, i, slot
+            i, i, slot)
-        )
     code += "        return {}({})\n".format(
-        name, ", ".join("a{}".format(i) for i in range(len(slots)))
+        name, ", ".join("a{}".format(i) for i in range(len(slots))))
-    )
 
     _jit.execute(code, "", 0, False)
     custom_conversions[t] = name
     return t
 
-
 def _jit_register_fn(f, pyvars, debug):
     try:
         obj_name, obj_str = _parse_decorated(f, pyvars=pyvars)
@@ -258,29 +241,46 @@ def _jit_register_fn(f, pyvars, debug):
         _reset_jit()
         raise
 
-def _jit_callback_fn(obj_name, module, debug=None, sample_size=5, pyvars=None, *args, **kwargs):
+def _jit_callback_fn(fn,
-    try:
+                     obj_name,
+                     module,
+                     debug=None,
+                     sample_size=5,
+                     pyvars=None,
+                     *args,
+                     **kwargs):
+    if fn is not None:
+        sig = inspect.signature(fn)
+        bound_args = sig.bind(*args, **kwargs)
+        bound_args.apply_defaults()
+        args = tuple(bound_args.arguments[param] for param in sig.parameters)
+    else:
         args = (*args, *kwargs.values())
+
+    try:
         types = _codon_types(args, debug=debug, sample_size=sample_size)
         if debug:
-            print("[python] {}({})".format(obj_name, list(types)), file=sys.stderr)
+            print("[python] {}({})".format(obj_name, list(types)),
-        return _jit.run_wrapper(
+                  file=sys.stderr)
-            obj_name, list(types), module, list(pyvars), args, 1 if debug else 0
+        return _jit.run_wrapper(obj_name, list(types), module, list(pyvars),
-        )
+                                args, 1 if debug else 0)
     except JITError:
         _reset_jit()
         raise
 
 def _jit_str_fn(fstr, debug=None, sample_size=5, pyvars=None):
     obj_name = _jit_register_fn(fstr, pyvars, debug)
-    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
-        return _jit_callback_fn(obj_name, "__main__", debug, sample_size, pyvars, *args, **kwargs)
-    return wrapped
 
+    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
+        return _jit_callback_fn(None, obj_name, "__main__", debug, sample_size,
+                                pyvars, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapped
 
 def jit(fn=None, debug=None, sample_size=5, pyvars=None):
     if not pyvars:
         pyvars = []
+
     if not isinstance(pyvars, list):
         raise ArgumentError("pyvars must be a list")
 
@@ -289,12 +289,15 @@ def jit(fn=None, debug=None, sample_size=5, pyvars=None):
 
     def _decorate(f):
         obj_name = _jit_register_fn(f, pyvars, debug)
+
         @functools.wraps(f)
         def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
-            return _jit_callback_fn(obj_name, f.__module__, debug, sample_size, pyvars, *args, **kwargs)
+            return _jit_callback_fn(f, obj_name, f.__module__, debug,
-        return wrapped
+                                    sample_size, pyvars, *args, **kwargs)
-    return _decorate(fn) if fn else _decorate
 
+        return wrapped
+
+    return _decorate(fn) if fn else _decorate
 
 def execute(code, debug=False):
     try:

jit/codon/jit.pxd

@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2022-2025 Exaloop Inc. <https://exaloop.io>
 
-from libcpp.string cimport string
+from libc.stdint cimport int32_t, uint8_t
-from libcpp.vector cimport vector
 
-cdef extern from "codon/compiler/jit_extern.h" namespace "codon::jit":
+cdef extern from "codon/compiler/jit_extern.h":
-    cdef cppclass JIT
+    cdef struct CJITResult:
-    cdef cppclass JITResult:
         void *result
-        string message
+        char *error
-        bint operator bool()
 
-    JIT *jitInit(string)
+    void *jit_init(char *name)
-    JITResult jitExecuteSafe(JIT*, string, string, int, char)
+    void jit_exit(void *jit)
-    JITResult jitExecutePython(JIT*, string, vector[string], string, vector[string], object, char)
+
-    string getJITLibrary()
+    cdef char *get_jit_library()
+
+    cdef CJITResult jit_execute_safe(
+        void *jit, char *code, char *file, int32_t line, uint8_t debug
+    )
+    cdef CJITResult jit_execute_python(
+        void *jit, char *name, char **types, size_t types_size,
+        char *pyModule, char **py_vars, size_t py_vars_size,
+        void *arg, uint8_t debug
+    )

jit/codon/jit.pyx

@@ -1,45 +1,82 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2022-2025 Exaloop Inc. <https://exaloop.io>
 
-# distutils: language=c++
+# distutils: language=c
 # cython: language_level=3
 # cython: c_string_type=unicode
 # cython: c_string_encoding=utf8
 
-from libcpp.string cimport string
-from libcpp.vector cimport vector
 cimport codon.jit
+from libc.stdlib cimport malloc, calloc, free
+from libc.string cimport strcpy
+from libc.stdint cimport int32_t, uint8_t
 
 
 class JITError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
+cdef str get_free_str(char *s):
+    cdef bytes py_s
+    try:
+        py_s = s
+        return py_s.decode('utf-8')
+    finally:
+        free(s)
+
+
 cdef class JITWrapper:
-    cdef codon.jit.JIT* jit
+    cdef void* jit
 
     def __cinit__(self):
-        self.jit = codon.jit.jitInit(b"codon jit")
+        self.jit = codon.jit.jit_init(b"codon jit")
 
     def __dealloc__(self):
-        del self.jit
+        codon.jit.jit_exit(self.jit)
 
-    def execute(self, code: str, filename: str, fileno: int, debug: char) -> str:
+    def execute(self, code: str, filename: str, fileno: int, debug) -> str:
-        result = codon.jit.jitExecuteSafe(self.jit, code, filename, fileno, <char>debug)
+        result = codon.jit.jit_execute_safe(
-        if <bint>result:
+            self.jit, code.encode('utf-8'), filename.encode('utf-8'), fileno, <uint8_t>debug
+        )
+        if result.error is NULL:
             return None
         else:
-            raise JITError(result.message)
+            msg = get_free_str(result.error)
+            raise JITError(msg)
+
+    def run_wrapper(self, name: str, types: list[str], module: str, pyvars: list[str], args, debug) -> object:
+        cdef char** c_types = <char**>calloc(len(types), sizeof(char*))
+        cdef char** c_pyvars = <char**>calloc(len(pyvars), sizeof(char*))
+        if not c_types or not c_pyvars:
+            raise JITError("Cython allocation failed")
+        try:
+            for i, s in enumerate(types):
+                bytes = s.encode('utf-8')
+                c_types[i] = <char*>malloc(len(bytes) + 1)
+                strcpy(c_types[i], bytes)
+            for i, s in enumerate(pyvars):
+                bytes = s.encode('utf-8')
+                c_pyvars[i] = <char*>malloc(len(bytes) + 1)
+                strcpy(c_pyvars[i], bytes)
+
+            result = codon.jit.jit_execute_python(
+                self.jit, name.encode('utf-8'), c_types, len(types),
+                module.encode('utf-8'), c_pyvars, len(pyvars),
+                <void *>args, <uint8_t>debug
+            )
+            if result.error is NULL:
+                return <object>result.result
+            else:
+                msg = get_free_str(result.error)
+                raise JITError(msg)
+        finally:
+            for i in range(len(types)):
+                free(c_types[i])
+            free(c_types)
+            for i in range(len(pyvars)):
+                free(c_pyvars[i])
+            free(c_pyvars)
 
-    def run_wrapper(self, name: str, types: list[str], module: str, pyvars: list[str], args, debug: char) -> object:
-        cdef vector[string] types_vec = types
-        cdef vector[string] pyvars_vec = pyvars
-        result = codon.jit.jitExecutePython(
-            self.jit, name, types_vec, module, pyvars_vec, <object>args, <char>debug
-        )
-        if <bint>result:
-            return <object>result.result
-        else:
-            raise JITError(result.message)
 
 def codon_library():
-    return codon.jit.getJITLibrary()
+    cdef char* c = codon.jit.get_jit_library()
+    return get_free_str(c)

jit/setup.py

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jit_extension = Extension(
     "codon.codon_jit",
     sources=["codon/jit.pyx"],
     libraries=libraries,
-    language="c++",
+    language="c",
     extra_compile_args=["-w"],
     extra_link_args=linker_args,
     include_dirs=[str(codon_path / "include")],

stdlib/internal/python.codon

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ PyFloat_AsDouble = Function[[cobj], float](cobj())
 PyFloat_FromDouble = Function[[float], cobj](cobj())
 PyBool_FromLong = Function[[int], cobj](cobj())
 PyBytes_AsString = Function[[cobj], cobj](cobj())
+PyBytes_Size = Function[[cobj], int](cobj())
 PyList_New = Function[[int], cobj](cobj())
 PyList_Size = Function[[cobj], int](cobj())
 PyList_GetItem = Function[[cobj, int], cobj](cobj())
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ PyLong_Type = cobj()
 PyFloat_Type = cobj()
 PyBool_Type = cobj()
 PyUnicode_Type = cobj()
+PyBytes_Type = cobj()
 PyComplex_Type = cobj()
 PyList_Type = cobj()
 PyDict_Type = cobj()
@@ -213,6 +215,7 @@ def init_handles_dlopen(py_handle: cobj):
     global PyFloat_FromDouble
     global PyBool_FromLong
     global PyBytes_AsString
+    global PyBytes_Size
     global PyList_New
     global PyList_Size
     global PyList_GetItem
@@ -303,6 +306,7 @@ def init_handles_dlopen(py_handle: cobj):
     global PyFloat_Type
     global PyBool_Type
     global PyUnicode_Type
+    global PyBytes_Type
     global PyComplex_Type
     global PyList_Type
     global PyDict_Type
@@ -347,6 +351,7 @@ def init_handles_dlopen(py_handle: cobj):
     PyFloat_FromDouble = dlsym(py_handle, "PyFloat_FromDouble")
     PyBool_FromLong = dlsym(py_handle, "PyBool_FromLong")
     PyBytes_AsString = dlsym(py_handle, "PyBytes_AsString")
+    PyBytes_Size = dlsym(py_handle, "PyBytes_Size")
     PyList_New = dlsym(py_handle, "PyList_New")
     PyList_Size = dlsym(py_handle, "PyList_Size")
     PyList_GetItem = dlsym(py_handle, "PyList_GetItem")
@@ -437,6 +442,7 @@ def init_handles_dlopen(py_handle: cobj):
     PyFloat_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyFloat_Type")
     PyBool_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyBool_Type")
     PyUnicode_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyUnicode_Type")
+    PyBytes_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyBytes_Type")
     PyComplex_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyComplex_Type")
     PyList_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyList_Type")
     PyDict_Type = dlsym(py_handle, "PyDict_Type")
@@ -482,6 +488,7 @@ def init_handles_static():
     from C import PyFloat_FromDouble(float) -> cobj as _PyFloat_FromDouble
     from C import PyBool_FromLong(int) -> cobj as _PyBool_FromLong
     from C import PyBytes_AsString(cobj) -> cobj as _PyBytes_AsString
+    from C import PyBytes_Size(cobj) -> int as _PyBytes_Size
     from C import PyList_New(int) -> cobj as _PyList_New
     from C import PyList_Size(cobj) -> int as _PyList_Size
     from C import PyList_GetItem(cobj, int) -> cobj as _PyList_GetItem
@@ -572,6 +579,7 @@ def init_handles_static():
     from C import PyFloat_Type: cobj as _PyFloat_Type
     from C import PyBool_Type: cobj as _PyBool_Type
     from C import PyUnicode_Type: cobj as _PyUnicode_Type
+    from C import PyBytes_Type: cobj as _PyBytes_Type
     from C import PyComplex_Type: cobj as _PyComplex_Type
     from C import PyList_Type: cobj as _PyList_Type
     from C import PyDict_Type: cobj as _PyDict_Type
@@ -616,6 +624,7 @@ def init_handles_static():
     global PyFloat_FromDouble
     global PyBool_FromLong
     global PyBytes_AsString
+    global PyBytes_Size
     global PyList_New
     global PyList_Size
     global PyList_GetItem
@@ -706,6 +715,7 @@ def init_handles_static():
     global PyFloat_Type
     global PyBool_Type
     global PyUnicode_Type
+    global PyBytes_Type
     global PyComplex_Type
     global PyList_Type
     global PyDict_Type
@@ -750,6 +760,7 @@ def init_handles_static():
     PyFloat_FromDouble = _PyFloat_FromDouble
     PyBool_FromLong = _PyBool_FromLong
     PyBytes_AsString = _PyBytes_AsString
+    PyBytes_Size = _PyBytes_Size
     PyList_New = _PyList_New
     PyList_Size = _PyList_Size
     PyList_GetItem = _PyList_GetItem
@@ -840,6 +851,7 @@ def init_handles_static():
     PyFloat_Type = __ptr__(_PyFloat_Type).as_byte()
     PyBool_Type = __ptr__(_PyBool_Type).as_byte()
     PyUnicode_Type = __ptr__(_PyUnicode_Type).as_byte()
+    PyBytes_Type = __ptr__(_PyBytes_Type).as_byte()
     PyComplex_Type = __ptr__(_PyComplex_Type).as_byte()
     PyList_Type = __ptr__(_PyList_Type).as_byte()
     PyDict_Type = __ptr__(_PyDict_Type).as_byte()
@@ -1174,7 +1186,7 @@ class pyobj:
         return pyobj.to_str(self.p, errors, empty)
 
     def to_str(p: cobj, errors: str, empty: str = "") -> str:
-        obj = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(p, "utf-8".c_str(), errors.c_str())
+        obj = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(p, "utf-8".ptr, errors.c_str() if errors else "".ptr)
         if obj == cobj():
             return empty
         bts = PyBytes_AsString(obj)
@@ -1292,8 +1304,11 @@ class _PyObject_Struct:
 def _conversion_error(name: Static[str]):
     raise PyError("conversion error: Python object did not have type '" + name + "'")
 
+def _get_type(o: cobj):
+    return Ptr[_PyObject_Struct](o)[0].pytype
+
 def _ensure_type(o: cobj, t: cobj, name: Static[str]):
-    if Ptr[_PyObject_Struct](o)[0].pytype != t:
+    if _get_type(o) != t:
         _conversion_error(name)
 
 
@@ -1350,7 +1365,14 @@ class str:
         return pyobj.exc_wrap(PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(self.ptr, self.len))
 
     def __from_py__(s: cobj) -> str:
-        return pyobj.exc_wrap(pyobj.to_str(s, "strict"))
+        if _get_type(s) == PyBytes_Type:
+            n = PyBytes_Size(s)
+            p0 = PyBytes_AsString(s)
+            p1 = cobj(n)
+            str.memcpy(p1, p0, n)
+            return str(p1, n)
+        else:
+            return pyobj.exc_wrap(pyobj.to_str(s, "strict"))
 
 @extend
 class complex:

stdlib/internal/types/float.codon

@@ -4,6 +4,22 @@ from internal.attributes import commutative
 from internal.gc import alloc_atomic, free
 from internal.types.complex import complex
 
+def _float_int_pow(a: F, b: int, F: type) -> F:
+    abs_exp = b.__abs__()
+    result = F(1)
+    factor = a
+
+    while abs_exp:
+        if abs_exp & 1:
+            result *= factor
+        factor *= factor
+        abs_exp >>= 1
+
+    if b < 0:
+        result = F(1) / result
+
+    return result
+
 @extend
 class float:
     def __new__() -> float:
@@ -401,6 +417,50 @@ class float:
     def imag(self) -> float:
         return 0.0
 
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self: float, b: int) -> float:
+        return self + float(b)
+
+    def __sub__(self: float, b: int) -> float:
+        return self - float(b)
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self: float, b: int) -> float:
+        return self * float(b)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: int) -> float:
+        return self // float(b)
+
+    def __truediv__(self: float, b: int) -> float:
+        return self / float(b)
+
+    def __mod__(self: float, b: int) -> float:
+        return self % float(b)
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: int):
+        return self.__divmod__(float(b))
+
+    def __eq__(self: float, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self == float(b)
+
+    def __ne__(self: float, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self != float(b)
+
+    def __lt__(self: float, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self < float(b)
+
+    def __gt__(self: float, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self > float(b)
+
+    def __le__(self: float, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self <= float(b)
+
+    def __ge__(self: float, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self >= float(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self: float, b: int) -> float:
+        return _float_int_pow(self, b)
+
 @extend
 class float32:
     @pure
@@ -755,6 +815,50 @@ class float32:
     def __match__(self, obj: float32) -> bool:
         return self == obj
 
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self: float32, b: int) -> float32:
+        return self + float32(b)
+
+    def __sub__(self: float32, b: int) -> float32:
+        return self - float32(b)
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self: float32, b: int) -> float32:
+        return self * float32(b)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: int) -> float32:
+        return self // float32(b)
+
+    def __truediv__(self: float32, b: int) -> float32:
+        return self / float32(b)
+
+    def __mod__(self: float32, b: int) -> float32:
+        return self % float32(b)
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: int):
+        return self.__divmod__(float32(b))
+
+    def __eq__(self: float32, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self == float32(b)
+
+    def __ne__(self: float32, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self != float32(b)
+
+    def __lt__(self: float32, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self < float32(b)
+
+    def __gt__(self: float32, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self > float32(b)
+
+    def __le__(self: float32, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self <= float32(b)
+
+    def __ge__(self: float32, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self >= float32(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self: float32, b: int) -> float32:
+        return _float_int_pow(self, b)
+
 @extend
 class float16:
     @pure
@@ -1055,6 +1159,50 @@ class float16:
     def __match__(self, obj: float16) -> bool:
         return self == obj
 
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self: float16, b: int) -> float16:
+        return self + float16(b)
+
+    def __sub__(self: float16, b: int) -> float16:
+        return self - float16(b)
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self: float16, b: int) -> float16:
+        return self * float16(b)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: int) -> float16:
+        return self // float16(b)
+
+    def __truediv__(self: float16, b: int) -> float16:
+        return self / float16(b)
+
+    def __mod__(self: float16, b: int) -> float16:
+        return self % float16(b)
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: int):
+        return self.__divmod__(float16(b))
+
+    def __eq__(self: float16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self == float16(b)
+
+    def __ne__(self: float16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self != float16(b)
+
+    def __lt__(self: float16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self < float16(b)
+
+    def __gt__(self: float16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self > float16(b)
+
+    def __le__(self: float16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self <= float16(b)
+
+    def __ge__(self: float16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self >= float16(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self: float16, b: int) -> float16:
+        return _float_int_pow(self, b)
+
 @extend
 class bfloat16:
     @pure
@@ -1355,6 +1503,50 @@ class bfloat16:
     def __match__(self, obj: bfloat16) -> bool:
         return self == obj
 
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return self + bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __sub__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return self - bfloat16(b)
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return self * bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return self // bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __truediv__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return self / bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __mod__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return self % bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: int):
+        return self.__divmod__(bfloat16(b))
+
+    def __eq__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self == bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __ne__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self != bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __lt__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self < bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __gt__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self > bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __le__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self <= bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __ge__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self >= bfloat16(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self: bfloat16, b: int) -> bfloat16:
+        return _float_int_pow(self, b)
+
 @extend
 class float128:
     @pure
@@ -1652,6 +1844,50 @@ class float128:
     def __match__(self, obj: float128) -> bool:
         return self == obj
 
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self: float128, b: int) -> float128:
+        return self + float128(b)
+
+    def __sub__(self: float128, b: int) -> float128:
+        return self - float128(b)
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self: float128, b: int) -> float128:
+        return self * float128(b)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: int) -> float128:
+        return self // float128(b)
+
+    def __truediv__(self: float128, b: int) -> float128:
+        return self / float128(b)
+
+    def __mod__(self: float128, b: int) -> float128:
+        return self % float128(b)
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: int):
+        return self.__divmod__(float128(b))
+
+    def __eq__(self: float128, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self == float128(b)
+
+    def __ne__(self: float128, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self != float128(b)
+
+    def __lt__(self: float128, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self < float128(b)
+
+    def __gt__(self: float128, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self > float128(b)
+
+    def __le__(self: float128, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self <= float128(b)
+
+    def __ge__(self: float128, b: int) -> bool:
+        return self >= float128(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self: float128, b: int) -> float128:
+        return _float_int_pow(self, b)
+
 @extend
 class float:
     def __suffix_f32__(double) -> float32:
@@ -1666,6 +1902,184 @@ class float:
     def __suffix_f128__(double) -> float128:
         return float128.__new__(double)
 
+@extend
+class int:
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) + b
+
+    def __sub__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) - b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) * b
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) // b
+
+    def __truediv__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) / b
+
+    def __mod__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) % b
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: float32):
+        return float32(self).__divmod__(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self, b: float32) -> float32:
+        return float32(self) ** b
+
+    def __eq__(self, b: float32) -> bool:
+        return float32(self) == b
+
+    def __ne__(self, b: float32) -> bool:
+        return float32(self) != b
+
+    def __lt__(self, b: float32) -> bool:
+        return float32(self) < b
+
+    def __gt__(self, b: float32) -> bool:
+        return float32(self) > b
+
+    def __le__(self, b: float32) -> bool:
+        return float32(self) <= b
+
+    def __ge__(self, b: float32) -> bool:
+        return float32(self) >= b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) + b
+
+    def __sub__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) - b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) * b
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) // b
+
+    def __truediv__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) / b
+
+    def __mod__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) % b
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: float16):
+        return float16(self).__divmod__(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self, b: float16) -> float16:
+        return float16(self) ** b
+
+    def __eq__(self, b: float16) -> bool:
+        return float16(self) == b
+
+    def __ne__(self, b: float16) -> bool:
+        return float16(self) != b
+
+    def __lt__(self, b: float16) -> bool:
+        return float16(self) < b
+
+    def __gt__(self, b: float16) -> bool:
+        return float16(self) > b
+
+    def __le__(self, b: float16) -> bool:
+        return float16(self) <= b
+
+    def __ge__(self, b: float16) -> bool:
+        return float16(self) >= b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) + b
+
+    def __sub__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) - b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) * b
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) // b
+
+    def __truediv__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) / b
+
+    def __mod__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) % b
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: bfloat16):
+        return bfloat16(self).__divmod__(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bfloat16:
+        return bfloat16(self) ** b
+
+    def __eq__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bool:
+        return bfloat16(self) == b
+
+    def __ne__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bool:
+        return bfloat16(self) != b
+
+    def __lt__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bool:
+        return bfloat16(self) < b
+
+    def __gt__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bool:
+        return bfloat16(self) > b
+
+    def __le__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bool:
+        return bfloat16(self) <= b
+
+    def __ge__(self, b: bfloat16) -> bool:
+        return bfloat16(self) >= b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __add__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) + b
+
+    def __sub__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) - b
+
+    @commutative
+    def __mul__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) * b
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) // b
+
+    def __truediv__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) / b
+
+    def __mod__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) % b
+
+    def __divmod__(self, b: float128):
+        return float128(self).__divmod__(b)
+
+    def __pow__(self, b: float128) -> float128:
+        return float128(self) ** b
+
+    def __eq__(self, b: float128) -> bool:
+        return float128(self) == b
+
+    def __ne__(self, b: float128) -> bool:
+        return float128(self) != b
+
+    def __lt__(self, b: float128) -> bool:
+        return float128(self) < b
+
+    def __gt__(self, b: float128) -> bool:
+        return float128(self) > b
+
+    def __le__(self, b: float128) -> bool:
+        return float128(self) <= b
+
+    def __ge__(self, b: float128) -> bool:
+        return float128(self) >= b
+
 f16 = float16
 bf16 = bfloat16
 f32 = float32

stdlib/numpy/format.codon

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class FloatingFormat:
             self.__init__()
             return
 
-        min_val = None
+        min_val: Optional[a.dtype] = None
-        max_val = None
+        max_val: Optional[a.dtype] = None
         finite = 0
         abs_non_zero = 0
         exp_format = False

stdlib/numpy/pybridge.codon

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class ndarray:
             k = 0
             for idx in util.multirange(shape):
                 off = 0
-                for i in range(ndim):
+                for i in staticrange(ndim):
                     off += idx[i] * strides[i]
                 e = Ptr[cobj](arr_data + off)[0]
                 if hasattr(dtype, "__from_py__"):
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class ndarray:
                 k = 0
                 for idx in util.multirange(shape):
                     off = 0
-                    for i in range(ndim):
+                    for i in staticrange(ndim):
                         off += idx[i] * strides[i]
                     e = Ptr[dtype](arr_data + off)[0]
                     data[k] = e

stdlib/numpy/routines.codon

@@ -2661,7 +2661,7 @@ def pad(array, pad_width, mode = 'constant', **kwargs):
         if dtype is int or isinstance(dtype, Int) or isinstance(dtype, UInt):
             return util.cast(util.rint(x), dtype)
         else:
-            return x
+            return util.cast(x, dtype)
 
     def pad_from_function(a: ndarray, pw, padding_func, kwargs, extra = None):
         shape = a.shape
@@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ def pad(array, pad_width, mode = 'constant', **kwargs):
         fill_linear(vector,
                     offset=(n - p2),
                     start=util.cast(end2, float),
-                    stop=util.cast(start1, float),
+                    stop=util.cast(start2, float),
                     num=p2,
                     rev=True)
 

stdlib/numpy/statistics.codon

@@ -270,84 +270,174 @@ def corrcoef(x, y=None, rowvar=True, dtype: type = NoneType):
 
     return c
 
-def correlate(a, b, mode: Static[str] = 'valid'):
+def _correlate(a, b, mode: str):
+
+    def kernel(d, dstride: int, nd: int, dtype: type,
+               k, kstride: int, nk: Static[int], ktype: type,
+               out, ostride: int):
+        for i in range(nd):
+            acc = util.zero(dtype)
+            for j in staticrange(nk):
+                acc += d[(i + j) * dstride] * k[j * kstride]
+            out[i * ostride] = acc
+
+    def small_correlate(d, dstride: int, nd: int, dtype: type,
+                        k, kstride: int, nk: int, ktype: type,
+                        out, ostride: int):
+        if dtype is not ktype:
+            return False
+
+        dstride //= util.sizeof(dtype)
+        kstride //= util.sizeof(dtype)
+        ostride //= util.sizeof(dtype)
+
+        if nk == 1:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=1, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 2:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=2, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 3:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=3, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 4:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=4, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 5:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=5, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 6:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=6, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 7:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=7, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 8:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=8, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 9:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=9, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 10:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=10, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        elif nk == 11:
+            kernel(d=d, dstride=dstride, nd=nd, dtype=dtype,
+                   k=k, kstride=kstride, nk=11, ktype=ktype,
+                   out=out, ostride=ostride)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def dot(_ip1: Ptr[T1], is1: int, _ip2: Ptr[T2], is2: int, op: Ptr[T3], n: int,
+            T1: type, T2: type, T3: type):
+        ip1 = _ip1.as_byte()
+        ip2 = _ip2.as_byte()
+        ans = util.zero(T3)
+
+        for i in range(n):
+            e1 = Ptr[T1](ip1)[0]
+            e2 = Ptr[T2](ip2)[0]
+            ans += util.cast(e1, T3) * util.cast(e2, T3)
+            ip1 += is1
+            ip2 += is2
+
+        op[0] = ans
+
+    def incr(p: Ptr[T], s: int, T: type):
+        return Ptr[T](p.as_byte() + s)
+
+    n1 = a.size
+    n2 = b.size
+    length = n1
+    n = n2
+
+    if mode == 'valid':
+        length = length = length - n + 1
+        n_left = 0
+        n_right = 0
+    elif mode == 'same':
+        n_left = n >> 1
+        n_right = n - n_left - 1
+    elif mode == 'full':
+        n_right = n - 1
+        n_left = n - 1
+        length = length + n - 1
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"mode must be one of 'valid', 'same', or 'full' (got {repr(mode)})"
+        )
+
+    dt = type(util.coerce(a.dtype, b.dtype))
+    ret = empty(length, dtype=dt)
+
+    is1 = a.strides[0]
+    is2 = b.strides[0]
+    op = ret.data
+    os = ret.itemsize
+    ip1 = a.data
+    ip2 = Ptr[b.dtype](b.data.as_byte() + n_left * is2)
+    n = n - n_left
+
+    for i in range(n_left):
+        dot(ip1, is1, ip2, is2, op, n)
+        n += 1
+        ip2 = incr(ip2, -is2)
+        op = incr(op, os)
+
+    if small_correlate(ip1, is1, n1 - n2 + 1, a.dtype,
+                       ip2, is2, n, b.dtype,
+                       op, os):
+        ip1 = incr(ip1, is1 * (n1 - n2 + 1))
+        op = incr(op, os * (n1 - n2 + 1))
+    else:
+        for i in range(n1 - n2 + 1):
+            dot(ip1, is1, ip2, is2, op, n)
+            ip1 = incr(ip1, is1)
+            op = incr(op, os)
+
+    for i in range(n_right):
+        n -= 1
+        dot(ip1, is1, ip2, is2, op, n)
+        ip1 = incr(ip1, is1)
+        op = incr(op, os)
+
+    return ret
+
+def correlate(a, b, mode: str = 'valid'):
     a = asarray(a)
     b = asarray(b)
 
     if a.ndim != 1 or b.ndim != 1:
         compile_error('object too deep for desired array')
 
-    n1 = len(a)
+    n1 = a.size
-    n2 = len(b)
+    n2 = b.size
+
+    if n1 == 0:
+        raise ValueError("first argument cannot be empty")
+
+    if n2 == 0:
+        raise ValueError("second argument cannot be empty")
+
+    if b.dtype is complex or b.dtype is complex64:
+        b = b.conjugate()
+
     if n1 < n2:
-        inverted = 1
+        return _correlate(b, a, mode=mode)[::-1]
-        inv = n1
-        n1 = n2
-        n2 = inv
-        correlate(b, a, mode)
     else:
-        inverted = 0
+        return _correlate(a, b, mode=mode)
-
-    length = n1
-    n = n2
-    if mode == 'valid':
-        length = length - n + 1
-        if (a.dtype is complex or b.dtype is complex or a.dtype is complex64
-                or b.dtype is complex64):
-            ret = zeros(length, dtype=complex)
-        else:
-            ret = empty(length)
-        for i in range(length):
-            for j in range(n):
-                if inverted == 0:
-                    ret.data[i] += a._ptr(
-                        (j + i, ))[0] * conjugate(b._ptr((j, ))[0])
-                else:
-                    ret.data[i] += a._ptr((j, ))[0] * b._ptr((j + i, ))[0]
-    elif mode == 'same':
-        if (a.dtype is complex or b.dtype is complex or a.dtype is complex64
-                or b.dtype is complex64):
-            ret = zeros(length, dtype=complex)
-        else:
-            ret = empty(length)
-        for i in range(length):
-            for j in range(n):
-                signal_index = i - int(n / 2) + j
-                if signal_index >= 0 and signal_index < length:
-                    if inverted == 0:
-                        ret.data[i] += a._ptr(
-                            (signal_index, ))[0] * conjugate(b._ptr((j, ))[0])
-                    else:
-                        ret.data[i] += a._ptr((j, ))[0] * b._ptr(
-                            (signal_index, ))[0]
-    elif mode == 'full':
-        full_length = length + n - 1
-        if (a.dtype is complex or b.dtype is complex or a.dtype is complex64
-                or b.dtype is complex64):
-            ret = zeros(full_length, dtype=complex)
-        else:
-            ret = empty(full_length)
-        for i in range(full_length):
-            for j in range(n):
-                signal_index = i + j - 2
-                if signal_index >= 0 and signal_index < length:
-                    if inverted == 0:
-                        ret.data[i] += a._ptr(
-                            (signal_index, ))[0] * conjugate(b._ptr((j, ))[0])
-                    else:
-                        ret.data[i] += a._ptr((j, ))[0] * b._ptr(
-                            (signal_index, ))[0]
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"mode must be one of 'valid', 'same', or 'full' (got {repr(mode)})"
-        )
-
-    if inverted:
-        ret = ret[::-1]
-        if ret.dtype is complex or ret.dtype is complex64:
-            ret.map(conjugate, inplace=True)
-
-    return ret
 
 def bincount(x, weights=None, minlength: int = 0):
     x = asarray(x).astype(int)

test/core/arithmetic.codon

@@ -199,3 +199,55 @@ def test_float_out_of_range_parse():
     assert 1e10000 == float('inf')
 
 test_float_out_of_range_parse()
+
+@test
+def test_int_float_ops(F: type):
+    def check(got, exp=True):
+        return (exp == got) and (type(exp) is type(got))
+
+    # standard
+    assert check(F(1.5) + 1, F(2.5))
+    assert check(F(1.5) - 1, F(0.5))
+    assert check(F(1.5) * 2, F(3.0))
+    assert check(F(1.5) / 2, F(0.75))
+    assert check(F(3.5) // 2, F(1.0))
+    assert check(F(3.5) % 2, F(1.5))
+    assert check(F(3.5) ** 2, F(12.25))
+    assert check(divmod(F(3.5), 2), (F(1.0), F(1.5)))
+
+    # right-hand ops
+    assert check(1 + F(1.5), F(2.5))
+    assert check(1 - F(1.5), F(-0.5))
+    assert check(2 * F(1.5), F(3.0))
+    assert check(2 / F(2.5), F(0.8))
+    assert check(2 // F(1.5), F(1.0))
+    assert check(2 % F(1.5), F(0.5))
+    assert check(4 ** F(2.5), F(32.0))
+    assert check(divmod(4, F(2.5)), (F(1.0), F(1.5)))
+
+    # comparisons
+    assert check(F(1.0) == 1)
+    assert check(F(2.0) != 1)
+    assert check(F(0.0) < 1)
+    assert check(F(2.0) > 1)
+    assert check(F(0.0) <= 1)
+    assert check(F(2.0) >= 1)
+    assert check(1 == F(1.0))
+    assert check(1 != F(2.0))
+    assert check(1 < F(2.0))
+    assert check(1 > F(0.0))
+    assert check(1 <= F(2.0))
+    assert check(1 >= F(0.0))
+
+    # power
+    assert check(F(3.5) ** 1, F(3.5))
+    assert check(F(3.5) ** 2, F(12.25))
+    assert check(F(3.5) ** 3, F(42.875))
+    assert check(F(4.0) ** -1, F(0.25))
+    assert check(F(4.0) ** -2, F(0.0625))
+    assert check(F(4.0) ** -3, F(0.015625))
+    assert check(F(3.5) ** 0, F(1.0))
+
+test_int_float_ops(float)
+test_int_float_ops(float32)
+test_int_float_ops(float16)

test/numpy/test_routines.codon

@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ test_fill_diagonal(np.zeros((3, 5), int),
 
 @test
 def test_pad(array, pad_width, expected, mode='constant', **kwargs):
-    assert (np.pad(array, pad_width, mode, **kwargs) == expected).all()
+    assert np.allclose(np.pad(array, pad_width, mode, **kwargs), expected)
 
 test_pad([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (2, 3),
          np.array([4, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6]),
@@ -1270,6 +1270,400 @@ test_pad([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (2, 3),
 test_pad([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (2, 3), np.array([4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3]),
          'wrap')
 
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([4, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6], dtype=np.float32),
+         'constant',
+         constant_values=(4, 6))
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5], dtype=np.float32),
+         'edge')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, -1, -4], dtype=np.float32),
+         'linear_ramp',
+         end_values=(5, -4))
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, ),
+         np.array([5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5], dtype=np.float32),
+         'maximum')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, ),
+         np.array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3], dtype=np.float32),
+         'mean')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, ),
+         np.array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3], dtype=np.float32),
+         'median')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2], dtype=np.float32),
+         'reflect')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], dtype=np.float32),
+         'reflect',
+         reflect_type='odd')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3], dtype=np.float32),
+         'symmetric')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7], dtype=np.float32),
+         'symmetric',
+         reflect_type='odd')
+test_pad(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=np.float32), (2, 3),
+         np.array([4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float32),
+         'wrap')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 1., 2., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 3., 4., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'constant')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'edge')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        ,
+                    0.        , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.16666667, 0.33333334, 0.6666667 , 0.44444448,
+                    0.22222224, 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.33333334, 0.6666667 , 1.3333334 , 0.88888896,
+                    0.44444448, 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.5       , 1.        , 2.        , 1.3333334 ,
+                    0.6666667 , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 1.5       , 3.        , 4.        , 2.6666667 ,
+                    1.3333334 , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.75      , 1.5       , 2.        , 1.3333334 ,
+                    0.6666667 , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        ,
+                    0.        , 0.        ]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'linear_ramp')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [2., 2., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'maximum')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [3.5, 3.5, 3. , 4. , 3.5, 3.5, 3.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'mean')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [3.5, 3.5, 3. , 4. , 3.5, 3.5, 3.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'median')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 3., 3., 3.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'minimum')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'reflect')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [2., 1., 1., 2., 2., 1., 1.],
+                   [2., 1., 1., 2., 2., 1., 1.],
+                   [4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [2., 1., 1., 2., 2., 1., 1.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'symmetric')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'wrap')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 1., 2., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 3., 4., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+                   [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'constant')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1.],
+                   [-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1.],
+                   [-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1.],
+                   [-1., -1.,  1.,  2., -1., -1., -1.],
+                   [-1., -1.,  3.,  4., -1., -1., -1.],
+                   [-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1.],
+                   [-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1., -1.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'constant', constant_values=-1)
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[-1., -1., -1., -1., -2., -2., -2.],
+                   [-1., -1., -1., -1., -2., -2., -2.],
+                   [-1., -1., -1., -1., -2., -2., -2.],
+                   [-1., -1.,  1.,  2., -2., -2., -2.],
+                   [-1., -1.,  3.,  4., -2., -2., -2.],
+                   [-1., -1., -2., -2., -2., -2., -2.],
+                   [-1., -1., -2., -2., -2., -2., -2.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'constant', constant_values=((-1, -2)))
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[-3., -3., -1., -1., -4., -4., -4.],
+                   [-3., -3., -1., -1., -4., -4., -4.],
+                   [-3., -3., -1., -1., -4., -4., -4.],
+                   [-3., -3.,  1.,  2., -4., -4., -4.],
+                   [-3., -3.,  3.,  4., -4., -4., -4.],
+                   [-3., -3., -2., -2., -4., -4., -4.],
+                   [-3., -3., -2., -2., -4., -4., -4.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'constant', constant_values=((-1, -2), (-3, -4)))
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'edge')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        ,
+                    0.        , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.16666667, 0.33333334, 0.6666667 , 0.44444448,
+                    0.22222224, 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.33333334, 0.6666667 , 1.3333334 , 0.88888896,
+                    0.44444448, 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.5       , 1.        , 2.        , 1.3333334 ,
+                    0.6666667 , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 1.5       , 3.        , 4.        , 2.6666667 ,
+                    1.3333334 , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.75      , 1.5       , 2.        , 1.3333334 ,
+                    0.6666667 , 0.        ],
+                   [0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        , 0.        ,
+                    0.        , 0.        ]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'linear_ramp')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       ,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.3333334, 1.2222222, 1.1111112,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.6666667, 1.4444445, 1.2222222,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 2.       , 1.6666667, 1.3333334,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [1.       , 2.       , 3.       , 4.       , 3.       , 2.       ,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.5      , 2.       , 2.5      , 2.       , 1.5      ,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       ,
+                    1.       ]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'linear_ramp', end_values=1)
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.3333333, 1.6666666,
+                    2.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.3333334, 1.5555556, 1.7777778,
+                    2.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.6666667, 1.7777778, 1.888889 ,
+                    2.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 2.       , 2.       , 2.       ,
+                    2.       ],
+                   [1.       , 2.       , 3.       , 4.       , 3.3333335, 2.6666667,
+                    2.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.75     , 2.5      , 3.       , 2.6666667, 2.3333333,
+                    2.       ],
+                   [1.       , 1.5      , 2.       , 2.       , 2.       , 2.       ,
+                    2.       ]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'linear_ramp', end_values=(1, 2))
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[2.       , 1.5      , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       , 1.       ,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [2.       , 1.5      , 1.       , 1.3333334, 1.2222222, 1.1111112,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [2.       , 1.5      , 1.       , 1.6666667, 1.4444445, 1.2222222,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [2.       , 1.5      , 1.       , 2.       , 1.6666667, 1.3333334,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [2.       , 2.5      , 3.       , 4.       , 3.       , 2.       ,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [2.       , 2.25     , 2.5      , 3.       , 2.3333335, 1.6666667,
+                    1.       ],
+                   [2.       , 2.       , 2.       , 2.       , 1.6666667, 1.3333334,
+                    1.       ]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'linear_ramp', end_values=((1, 2), (2, 1)))
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [2., 2., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [4., 4., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'maximum')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [3.5, 3.5, 3. , 4. , 3.5, 3.5, 3.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'mean')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 4., 4., 4.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'mean', stat_length=1)
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1. , 1. , 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [1. , 1. , 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [1. , 1. , 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [1. , 1. , 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [3. , 3. , 3. , 4. , 3.5, 3.5, 3.5],
+                   [2. , 2. , 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2. , 2. , 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'mean', stat_length=(1, 2))
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. ],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. ],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. ],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. ],
+                   [3.5, 3.5, 3. , 4. , 4. , 4. , 4. ],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 3. , 3. , 3. ],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 3. , 3. , 3. ]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'mean', stat_length=((1, 2), (2, 1)))
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [1.5, 1.5, 1. , 2. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
+                   [3.5, 3.5, 3. , 4. , 3.5, 3.5, 3.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5],
+                   [2.5, 2.5, 2. , 3. , 2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'median')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [3., 3., 3., 4., 3., 3., 3.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.],
+                   [1., 1., 1., 2., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'minimum')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'reflect')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [2., 1., 1., 2., 2., 1., 1.],
+                   [2., 1., 1., 2., 2., 1., 1.],
+                   [4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [4., 3., 3., 4., 4., 3., 3.],
+                   [2., 1., 1., 2., 2., 1., 1.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'symmetric')
+
+test_pad(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], np.float32), ((3, 2), (2, 3)),
+         np.array([[3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.],
+                   [1., 2., 1., 2., 1., 2., 1.],
+                   [3., 4., 3., 4., 3., 4., 3.]], dtype=np.float32),
+         'wrap')
+
+test_pad([[[[1]]]], 1,
+    np.array([[[[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]],
+               [[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]],
+               [[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]]],
+              [[[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]],
+               [[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 1, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]],
+               [[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]]],
+              [[[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]],
+               [[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]],
+               [[2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2],
+                [2, 2, 2]]]]), 'constant', constant_values=2)
+
+test_pad([[[[1]]]], 0, np.array([[[[1]]]]), 'constant', constant_values=2)
+
 #############
 # searching #
 #############

test/numpy/test_statistics.codon

@@ -247,6 +247,67 @@ test_correlate(np.array([1 + 0j, 2 + 0j, 3 + 0j, 4 + 1j]),
                np.array([-1 + 0j, -2j, 3 + 1j]),
                np.array([8. + 1.j, 11. + 5.j]))
 
+@test
+def test_correlate2():
+    # Integer inputs
+    a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), [32])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), [17, 32, 23])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), [6, 17, 32, 23, 12])
+
+    # Floating-point inputs
+    a = np.array([1.5, 2.5, 3.5])
+    b = np.array([4.0, 5.0, 6.0])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), [39.5])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), [22.5, 39.5, 27.5])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), [9.0, 22.5, 39.5, 27.5, 14.0])
+
+    # Complex numbers
+    a = np.array([1+2j, 3+4j])
+    b = np.array([5+6j, 7+8j])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), [70+8j])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), [23+6j, 70+8j])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), [23+6j, 70+8j, 39+2j])
+
+    # Different-length arrays
+    a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    b = np.array([0, 1])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), [2, 3, 4])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), [1, 2, 3, 4, 0])
+    a = np.array([0, 1])
+    b = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid")[::-1], [2, 3, 4])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same")[::-1], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full")[::-1], [1, 2, 3, 4, 0])
+
+    # Large array test
+    a = np.arange(20)
+    b = np.arange(10)
+    expected_valid = np.array([np.sum(a[i : i + len(b)] * b) for i in range(len(a) - len(b) + 1)])
+    expected_full = np.correlate(a, b, mode="full")
+    expected_same = np.correlate(a, b, mode="same")
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), expected_valid)
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), expected_full)
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), expected_same)
+
+    # Different dtypes (int and float)
+    a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int)
+    b = np.array([1.5, 2.5, 3.5], dtype=float)
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), [17.0])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), [9.5, 17.0, 10.5])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), [3.5, 9.5, 17.0, 10.5, 4.5])
+
+    # Edge case: Single-element arrays
+    a = np.array([5])
+    b = np.array([10])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="valid"), [50])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="same"), [50])
+    assert np.allclose(np.correlate(a, b, mode="full"), [50])
+
+test_correlate2()
+
 @test
 def test_bincount(x, expected, weights=None, minlength=0):
     assert (np.bincount(x, weights=weights,

test/python/cython_jit.py

@@ -181,3 +181,16 @@ def test_ndarray():
     assert np.datetime_data(y.dtype) == ('s', 2)
 
 test_ndarray()
+
+@codon.jit
+def e(x=2, y=99):
+    return 2*x + y
+
+def test_arg_order():
+    assert e(1, 2) == 4
+    assert e(1) == 101
+    assert e(y=10, x=1) == 12
+    assert e(x=1) == 101
+    assert e() == 103
+
+test_arg_order()

test/python/pyext.py

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ def test_codon_extensions(m):
         assert m.f4(a=2.2) == (2.2, 2.22)
         assert m.f4(b=3.3) == (1.11, 3.3)
         assert m.f4('foo') == ('foo', 'foo')
+        assert m.f4(b'foo') == ('foo', 'foo')
         assert m.f4({1}) == {1}
         assert m.f5() is None
         assert equal(m.f6(1.9, 't'), 1.9, 1.9, 't')

test/transform/omp.codon

@@ -450,6 +450,18 @@ def test_omp_reductions():
         c = min(b, c)
     assert c == -1.
 
+    c = 0.
+    @par
+    for i in L:
+        c += i  # float-int op
+    assert c == expected(N, 0., float.__add__)
+
+    c = 0.
+    @par
+    for i in L:
+        c = i + c  # int-float op
+    assert c == expected(N, 0., float.__add__)
+
     # float32s
     c = f32(0.)
     # this one can give different results due to
@@ -479,6 +491,18 @@ def test_omp_reductions():
         c = min(b, c)
     assert c == f32(-1.)
 
+    c = f32(0.)
+    @par
+    for i in L[:12]:
+        c += i  # float-int op
+    assert c == f32(1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11)
+
+    c = f32(0.)
+    @par
+    for i in L[:12]:
+        c = i + c  # int-float op
+    assert c == f32(1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11)
+
     x_add = 10.
     x_min = inf
     x_max = -inf