@extend
class str:
# Magic methods

    def __hash__(self):
        h = 0
        p, n = self.ptr, self.len
        i = 0
        while i < n:
            h = 31*h + int(p[i])
            i += 1
        return h

    def __lt__(self, other: str):
        return self._cmp(other) < 0

    def __le__(self, other: str):
        return self._cmp(other) <= 0

    def __gt__(self, other: str):
        return self._cmp(other) > 0

    def __ge__(self, other: str):
        return self._cmp(other) >= 0

    def __repr__(self):
        v = List[str](len(self) + 2)

        q, qe = "'", "\\'"
        found_single = False
        found_double = False
        for c in self:
            if c == "'":
                found_single = True
            elif c == '"':
                found_double = True

        if found_single and not found_double:
            q, qe = '"', '\\"'

        v.append(q)
        for c in self:
            d = c
            if c == '\n': d = "\\n"
            elif c == '\r': d = "\\r"
            elif c == '\t': d = "\\t"
            elif c == '\\': d = "\\\\"
            elif c == q: d = qe
            else:
                b = int(c.ptr[0])
                if not (32 <= b <= 126):
                    h = '0123456789abcdef'
                    v.append("\\x")
                    v.append(h[b // 16])
                    v.append(h[b % 16])
                    d = ''
            if d:
                v.append(d)
        v.append(q)
        return str.cat(v)

    def __getitem__(self, idx: int):
        if idx < 0:
            idx += len(self)
        if not (0 <= idx < len(self)):
            raise IndexError("string index out of range")
        return str(self.ptr + idx, 1)

    def __getitem__(self, s: Slice):
        if s.start is None and s.stop is None and s.step is None:
            return self.__copy__()
        elif s.step is None:
            start, stop, step, length = s.adjust_indices(len(self))
            return str(self.ptr + start, length)
        else:
            start, stop, step, length = s.adjust_indices(len(self))
            return self._make_from_range(start, stop, step, length)

    def _make_from_range(self, start: int, stop: int, step: int, length: int):
        p = Ptr[byte](length)
        j = 0
        for i in range(start, stop, step):
            p[j] = self.ptr[i]
            j += 1
        return str(p, length)

    def __iter__(self):
        i = 0
        n = len(self)
        while i < n:
            yield self[i]
            i += 1

    def __reversed__(self):
        i = len(self) - 1
        while i >= 0:
            yield self[i]
            i -= 1

    def __mul__(self, x: int):
        total = x * self.len
        p = cobj(total)
        n = 0
        for _ in range(x):
            str.memcpy(p + n, self.ptr, self.len)
            n += self.len
        return str(p, total)

    def _cmp(self, other: str):
        n = min(self.len, other.len)
        i = 0
        while i < n:
            c1 = self.ptr[i]
            c2 = other.ptr[i]
            if c1 != c2:
                return int(c1) - int(c2)
            i += 1
        return self.len - other.len

import algorithms.strings as algorithms

@extend
class str:
    def __contains__(self, pattern: str):
        return self.find(pattern, 0, len(self)) >= 0

# Helper methods

    def _slice(self, i: int, j: int):
        return str(self.ptr + i, j - i)

    def join(self, l: Generator[str]):
        if len(self) == 0:
            return str.cat(list(l))
        v = List[str]()
        for a in l:
            v.append(a)
            v.append(self)
        if v:
            del v[-1]
        return str.cat(v)

    def join(self, l: List[str]):
        if len(l) == 0:
            return ''
        if len(l) == 1:
            return l[0]
        if len(self) == 0:
            return str.cat(l)

        # compute length
        n = 0
        i = 0
        while i < len(l):
            n += len(l[i])
            if i < len(l) - 1:
                n += len(self)
            i += 1

        # copy to new buffer
        p = Ptr[byte](n)
        r = 0
        i = 0
        while i < len(l):
            str.memcpy(p + r, l[i].ptr, len(l[i]))
            r += len(l[i])
            if i < len(l) - 1:
                str.memcpy(p + r, self.ptr, len(self))
                r += len(self)
            i += 1

        return str(p, n)

    def isdigit(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isdigit() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in str are digits
        and there is at least one character in str, False otherwise.
        """

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.isdigit(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.isdigit(int(self.ptr[i])) == 0:
                return False
        return True

    def islower(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.islower() -> bool

        Return True if all cased characters in str are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in str, False otherwise.
        """
        cased = False

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.islower(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[i])) > 0:
                return False
            elif cased == False and _C.islower(int(self.ptr[i])):
                cased = True
        return cased

    def isupper(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isupper() -> bool

        Return True if all cased characters in str are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in str, False otherwise.
        """
        cased = False

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.islower(int(self.ptr[i])) > 0:
                return False
            elif cased == False and _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[i])):
                cased = True
        return cased

    def isalnum(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isalnum() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in str are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in str, False otherwise.
        """

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.isalnum(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.isalnum(int(self.ptr[i])) == 0:
                return False
        return True

    def isalpha(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isalpha() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in str are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in str, False otherwise.
        """

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.isalpha(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.isalpha(int(self.ptr[i])) == 0:
                return False
        return True

    def isspace(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isspace() -> bool

        Return True if all characters in str are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in str, False otherwise.
        """

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.isspace(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.isspace(int(self.ptr[i])) == 0:
                return False
        return True

    def istitle(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.istitle() -> bool

        Return True if str is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in str, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
        characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
        otherwise.
        """

        # For empty strings
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # For single character strings
        if len(self) == 1:
            return _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[0])) > 0

        cased = False
        prev_is_cased = False
        for i in range(len(self)):
            if _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[i])) > 0:
                if prev_is_cased:
                    return False
                prev_is_cased = True
                cased = True
            elif _C.islower(int(self.ptr[i])) > 0:
                if not prev_is_cased:
                    return False
                prev_is_cased = True
                cased = True
            else:
                prev_is_cased = False
        return cased

    def capitalize(self) -> str:
        """
        str.capitalize() -> copy of str

        Return a copy of str with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
        and the rest lower-cased.
        """

        if len(self) > 0:
            # Capitalize first letter
            s = [str(chr(_C.toupper(int(self.ptr[0]))))]

            # Make any following char lowercase
            for i in range(1, len(self)):
                if _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[i])):
                    s.append(str(chr(_C.tolower(int(self.ptr[i])))))
                else:
                    s.append(self[i])
            return ''.join(s)

        # Empty string
        return ''

    def isdecimal(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isdecimal() -> bool

        Return True if str is a decimal string, False otherwise.
        str is a decimal string if all characters in str are decimal and
        there is at least one character in str.
        """
        # Empty string
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        for i in range(len(self)):
            # test ascii values 48-57 == 0-9
            if not (48 <= int(self.ptr[i]) <= 57):
                return False
        return True

    def lower(self) -> str:
        """
        str.lower() -> copy of str

        Return a copy of str with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
        """
        # Empty string
        n = len(self)
        if n == 0:
            return ''
        p = Ptr[byte](n)
        for i in range(n):
            p[i] = byte(_C.tolower(int(self.ptr[i])))
        return str(p, n)

    def upper(self) -> str:
        """
        str.upper() -> copy of str

        Return a copy of str with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
        """
        # Empty string
        n = len(self)
        if n == 0:
            return ''
        p = Ptr[byte](n)
        for i in range(n):
            p[i] = byte(_C.toupper(int(self.ptr[i])))
        return str(p, n)

    def isascii(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isascii() -> bool

        Return True if str is empty or all characters in str are ASCII,
        False otherwise.
        """
        for char in self:
            if int(ord(char)) >= 128:
                return False
        return True

    def casefold(self) -> str:
        """
        str.casefold() -> copy of str

        Return a version of the string suitable for caseless comparisons.

        Unlike Python, casefold() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        return self.lower()

    def swapcase(self) -> str:
        """
        str.swapcase() -> copy of str

        Return a copy of str with uppercase ASCII characters converted
        to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
        """
        # Empty string
        n = len(self)
        if n == 0:
            return ''
        p = Ptr[byte](n)
        for i in range(n):
            if _C.islower(int(self.ptr[i])):
                p[i] = byte(_C.toupper(int(self.ptr[i])))
            elif _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[i])):
                p[i] = byte(_C.tolower(int(self.ptr[i])))
            else:
                p[i] = self.ptr[i]
        return str(p, n)

    def title(self) -> str:
        """
        str.title() -> copy of str

        Return a titlecased version of str, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
        """
        prev_is_cased = False

        # Empty string
        n = len(self)
        if n == 0:
            return ''

        p = Ptr[byte](n)
        for i in range(n):
            if _C.islower(int(self.ptr[i])):
                # lowercase to uppercase
                if not prev_is_cased:
                    p[i] = byte(_C.toupper(int(self.ptr[i])))
                else:
                    p[i] = self.ptr[i]
                prev_is_cased = True
            elif _C.isupper(int(self.ptr[i])):
                # uppercase to lowercase
                if prev_is_cased:
                    p[i] = byte(_C.tolower(int(self.ptr[i])))
                else:
                    p[i] = self.ptr[i]
                prev_is_cased = True
            else:
                p[i] = self.ptr[i]
                prev_is_cased = False
        return str(p, n)

    def isnumeric(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isdecimal() -> bool

        Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.
        A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric
        and there is at least one character in the string.

        Unlike Python, isnumeric() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        return self.isdecimal()

    def ljust(self, width: int, fillchar: str = ' ') -> str:
        """
        ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string

        Return a left-justified string of length width.

        Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        if width <= len(self):
            return self
        return self + (fillchar * (width - len(self)))

    def rjust(self, width: int, fillchar: str = ' ') -> str:
        """
        rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string

        Return a right-justified string of length width.

        Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        if width <= len(self):
            return self
        return (fillchar * (width - len(self))) + self

    def center(self, width: int, fillchar: str = ' ') -> str:
        """
        str.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string

        Return str centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        if width <= len(self):
            return self

        pad = width - len(self)
        left_pad = pad // 2
        right_pad = width - len(self) - left_pad

        return ''.join([fillchar * left_pad, self, fillchar * right_pad])

    def zfill(self, width: int) -> str:
        """
        str.zfill(width) -> string

        Pad a numeric string str with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width.  The string str is never truncated.
        """
        sign = False

        if width <= len(self):
            return self

        s = List[str]()
        if self and (self[0] == '+' or self[0] == '-'):
            # move sign to beginning of string
            s.append(self[0])
            sign = True

        fill = width - len(self)

        s.append('0' * fill)

        if sign:
            s.append(self[1:])
        else:
            s.append(self)
        return ''.join(s)

    def count(self, sub: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> int:
        """
        str.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int

        Return the number of occurrences of subsection sub in
        bytes str[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
        as in slice notation.
        """
        start, end = self._correct_indices(start, end)
        count = 0
        for _ in algorithms.filter_overlaps(self[start:end]._search(sub), len(sub)):
            count += 1
        return count

    def find(self, sub: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> int:
        """
        str.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int

        Return the lowest index in str where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within str[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        start, end = self._correct_indices(start, end)
        pos = str._getfirst(self[start:end]._search(sub))

        if pos < 0:
            return -1

        if sub == '' and start > len(self):
            return -1

        if sub == '' and (start <= end <= len(self)):
            return start

        return pos + start  # add start position because of truncation

    def rfind(self, sub: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> int:
        """
        str.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int

        Return the highest index in str where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within str[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        start, end = self._correct_indices(start, end)
        pos = str._getfirst(self[start:end]._rsearch(sub))

        if pos < 0:
            return -1

        if sub == '' and start > len(self):
            return -1

        return pos + start  # add start position because of truncation

    def isidentifier(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isidentifier() -> bool

        Return True if the string is a valid identifier, False otherwise.
        Unlike Python, isidentifier() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        # empty string
        if len(self) == 0:
            return False

        # is not a letter or _
        if not self[0].isalpha():
            if self[0] != '_':
                return False

        if self[0].isalpha() or self[0] == '_':
            for i in range(1, len(self)):
                if not self[i].isalpha():
                    if not self[i].isdecimal():
                        if self[i] != '_':
                            return False

        return True

    def isprintable(self) -> bool:
        """
        str.isprintable() -> bool

        Return True if the string is printable or empty, False otherwise.
        Unlike Python, isprintable() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        for char in self:
            if not (31 < int(ord(char)) < 128):
                return False
        return True

    def _has_char(self, chars: str):
        if chars:
            for c in chars:
                if self[0] == c:
                    return True
            return False
        else:
            return self[0].isspace()

    def lstrip(self, chars: str = "") -> str:
        """
        str.lstrip([chars]) -> string

        Return a copy of the string str with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given, remove characters in chars instead.
        Unlike Python, lstrip() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        i = 0
        while i < len(self) and self[i]._has_char(chars):
            i += 1
        return self[i:]

    def rstrip(self, chars: str = "") -> str:
        """
        str.rstrip([chars]) -> string

        Return a copy of the string str with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given, remove characters in chars instead.
        Unlike Python, lstrip() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        i = len(self) - 1
        while i >= 0 and self[i]._has_char(chars):
            i -= 1
        return self[:i+1]

    def strip(self, chars: str = "") -> str:
        """
        str.strip([chars]) -> string

        Return a copy of the string str with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given, remove characters in chars instead.
        Unlike Python, lstrip() deals with just ASCII characters.
        """
        lstr = self.lstrip(chars)
        rstr = lstr.rstrip(chars)
        return rstr

    def partition(self, sep: str) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
        """
        Search for the separator sep in str, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return str and two empty strings.
        """
        pos = str._getfirst(self._search(sep))

        if pos < 0:
            return self,'',''

        if not pos:
            return '',  sep, self[pos+len(sep):]

        return self[:pos],sep,self[pos+len(sep):]

    def rpartition(self, sep: str) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
        """
        Search for the separator sep in str, starting at the end of str, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and str.
        """
        pos0 = -1
        pos1 = -1
        for pos in self._search(sep):
            if pos0 == -1:
                pos0 = pos
            pos1 = pos

        if pos0 < 0:
            return '', '', self

        if not pos0:
            return '',  sep, self[pos1+len(sep):]

        return self[:pos1], sep, self[pos1+len(sep):]

    def split(self, sep: Optional[str] = None, maxsplit: int = -1) -> List[str]:
        """
        str.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings

        Return a list of the words in the string str, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
        from the result.
        """
        if not sep:
            return self._split_whitespace(maxsplit if maxsplit >= 0 else 0x7fffffffffffffff)
        sepx = ~sep

        li = list(algorithms.filter_overlaps(self._search(sepx), len(sepx)))
        str_split = List[str]()

        # no delimiter found
        if len(li) == 0:
            return [self]

        if len(sepx) > len(self):
            return [self]

        if maxsplit == 0:
            return [self]

        if maxsplit < 0 or maxsplit > len(li):
            maxsplit = len(li)

        prev = li[0]
        # append first part of string
        # if sep is found at index 0, add '' to separate
        if li[0] == 0:
            str_split.append('')
        else:
            str_split.append(self[:li[0]])

        # split the rest of the string according to separator
        if len(li) > 1 and maxsplit > 1:
            for j in range(1, maxsplit):
                # when separators are beside each other, append '' to list
                if li[j] - 1 == prev:
                    str_split.append('')
                else:
                    str_split.append(self[prev+len(sepx):li[j]])
                prev = li[j]

        if prev != len(self):
            str_split.append(self[prev+len(sepx):])

        return str_split

    def rsplit(self, sep: Optional[str] = None, maxsplit: int = -1) -> List[str]:
        """
        str.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings

        Return a list of the words in the string str, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
        to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
        done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        if not sep:
            return self._rsplit_whitespace(maxsplit if maxsplit >= 0 else 0x7fffffffffffffff)
        sepx = ~sep

        li = list(algorithms.rfilter_overlaps(reversed(list(self._search(sepx))), len(sepx)))
        str_split = List[str]()
        end_of_li = len(li) - 1

        if len(li) == 0:
            return [self]
        if len(sepx) > len(self):
            return [self]
        if maxsplit == 0:
            return [self]

        if maxsplit < 0 or maxsplit > len(li):
            maxsplit = len(li)

        prev = li[0]
        # append first part of string
        # if sep is found in the last index, add '' to separate
        if prev == len(self) - len(sepx):
            str_split.append('')
        else:
            str_split.append(self[prev+len(sepx):])

        # split the rest of the string according to separator
        if len(li) > 1 and maxsplit > 1:
            for j in range(1, maxsplit):
                # when separators are beside each other, append '' to list
                if li[j] + 1 == prev:
                    str_split.append('')
                else:
                    str_split.append(self[li[j]+len(sepx):prev])
                prev = li[j]

        if prev != 0:
            str_split.append(self[:prev])
        else:
            # NOT PICKING UP '' at start of string so manually putting it in
            if li[end_of_li] == 0:
                str_split.append('')
            else:
                str_split.append(self[:li[0]])
        str_split.reverse()
        return str_split

    def splitlines(self, keepends: bool = False) -> List[str]:
        """
        str.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings

        Return a list of the lines in str, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        line_split = List[str]()

        prev = 0
        for i in range(len(self)):
            # finding '\n' by itself and dealing with '\r\n'
            if i != 0:
                # not equal to '\r\n'
                if self[i] == '\n' and self[i-1] != '\r':
                    if keepends:
                        line_split.append(self[prev:i+1])
                    else:
                        # empty string
                        if len(self[prev:i]) == 0:
                            line_split.append('')
                        else:
                            line_split.append(self[prev:i])
                    prev = i+1
                    continue
                # equal to '\r\n'
                elif self[i] == '\n' and self[i-1] == '\r':
                    if keepends:
                        line_split.append(self[prev:i+1])

                    else:
                        # empty string
                        if len(self[prev:i-1]) == 0:
                            line_split.append('')
                        else:
                            line_split.append(self[prev:i-1])
                    prev = i+1
                    continue
            # '\n' exisits at the beginning of string
            elif self[i] == '\n':
                if keepends:
                    line_split.append(self[i])
                else:
                    line_split.append('')
                prev = i+1
                continue

            # finding '\r' by itself
            if i != len(self)-1:
                # not equal to '\r\n'
                if self[i] == '\r' and self[i+1] != '\n':
                    if keepends:
                        line_split.append(self[prev:i+1])
                    else:
                        # empty string
                        if len(self[prev:i]) == 0:
                            line_split.append('')
                        else:
                            line_split.append(self[prev:i])
                    prev = i+1
                    continue
            # '\r' exisits at the end of string
            elif self[i] == '\r':
                if self[i-1] == '\n' or self[i-1] == '\r':
                    if keepends:
                        line_split.append(self[i])
                    else:
                        line_split.append('')
                    prev = i+1
                    break
                prev = i+1
                break
        if prev < len(self):
            line_split.append(self[prev:])

        return line_split


    def startswith(self, prefix: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> bool:
        """
        str.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool

        Return True if str starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test str beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing str at that position.
        """
        if end < 0:
            end += len(self)
        elif start < 0:
            start += len(self)

        # length prefix is longer than range of string being compared to
        if start + len(prefix) > len(self):
            return False

        # length of prefix is longer than range of string[start:end]
        if end - start < len(prefix):
            return False

        # prefix is an empty string
        if prefix == '':
            return True

        return prefix == self[start:start + len(prefix)]

    def endswith(self, suffix: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> bool:
        """
        str.endswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool

        Return True if str ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test str beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing str at that position.
        """
        if end < 0:
            end += len(self)
        elif start < 0:
            start += len(self)
        if end > len(self):
            end = len(self)

        # length prefix is longer than range of string being compared to
        if end - start < len(suffix) or start > len(self):
            return False

        if end - len(suffix) > start:
            start = end - len(suffix)

        # length of prefix is longer than range of string[start:end]
        if end - start < len(suffix):
            return False

        # prefix is an empty string
        if suffix == '':
            return True

        return suffix == self[start:start + len(suffix)]

    def index(self, sub: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> int:
        """
        str.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int

        Like str.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        start, end = self._correct_indices(start, end)
        i = self.find(sub, start, end)
        if i == -1:
            raise ValueError("substring not found")
        else:
            return i

    def rindex(self, sub: str, start: int = 0, end: int = 0x7fffffffffffffff) -> int:
        """
        str.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int

        Like str.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        start, end = self._correct_indices(start, end)
        i = self.rfind(sub, start, end)
        if i == -1:
            raise ValueError("substring not found")
        else:
            return i

    def replace(self, old: str, new: str, maxcount: int = -1) -> str:
        """
        str.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string

        Return a copy of string str with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument maxcount is
        given, only the first maxcount occurrences are replaced.

        For now, maxcount is required.
        """

        if maxcount < 0:
            maxcount = len(self) + 1
        # replace zero matches or length of self is 0
        elif maxcount == 0 or len(self) == 0:
            return self

        # replace zero matches or there is nothing to replace
        if maxcount == 0 or len(new) == 0 and len(old) == 0:
            return self

        # Handle zero-length special cases

        # insert the 'new' string everywhere.
        if len(old) == 0:
            return algorithms.replace_interleave(self, new, maxcount)

        # No way for an empty string to generate a non-empty string.
        # except ''.replace('', 'A') == 'A' which is handled above.
        if len(self) == 0:
            return self

        # delete all occurances of old in self
        return algorithms.replace_delete_substring(self, old, new, maxcount)

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize: int = 8) -> str:
        """
        str.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string

        Return a copy of str where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        incr = 0
        i = 0   # chars up to and including most recent \n or \r
        j = 0   # chars since most recent \n or \r (use in tab calculations)
        u = List[str]()
        j = 0   # same as first pass

        # create output string and fill it
        for p in range(len(self)):
            if self[p] == '\t':
                if tabsize > 0:
                    i = tabsize - (j % tabsize)
                    j += i
                    while i != 0:
                        u.append(' ')
                        i -= 1
            else:
                u.append(self[p])
                j += 1
                if self[p] == '\n' or self[p] == '\r':
                    j = 0
        return ''.join(u)

    def translate(self, table) -> str:
        """
        Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.

        Unlike Python, translate() currently does not allow the translation
        table to be a bytes object of length 256.

        As well, None implemented yet until None and be placed inside the table
        with other strings. Use: {'a': ''} to replace a string for now
        """
        li = list(iter(self))
        for i in range(len(li)):
            if li[i] in table:
                li[i] = table[li[i]]

        translate_str = ''.join(li)
        return translate_str

# Internal helpers

    def _isspace(b: byte):
        return b == byte(32) or b == byte(9) or b == byte(10) or \
               b == byte(11) or b == byte(12) or b == byte(13)

    def _search(self, pattern: str):
        if len(pattern) == 1:
            c = pattern.ptr[0]
            i = 0
            while i < len(self):
                if self.ptr[i] == c:
                    yield i
                i += 1
        elif len(pattern) <= len(self):
            if len(pattern) <= 5:
                yield from algorithms.string_search_slow(self, pattern)
            else:
                yield from algorithms.string_search_KMP(self, pattern)

    def _rsearch(self, pattern: str):
        if len(pattern) == 1:
            c = pattern.ptr[0]
            i = len(self) - 1
            while i >= 0:
                if self.ptr[i] == c:
                    yield i
                i -= 1
        yield from algorithms.rstring_search_slow(self, pattern)

    def _getfirst(v: Generator[int]):
        n = -1
        if not v.done():
            n = v.next()
        v.destroy()
        return n

    def _correct_indices(self, start: int, end: int):
        n = len(self)
        if start < 0:
            start += n
            if start < 0:
                start = 0
        if end < 0:
            end += n
            if end < 0:
                end = 0
        return (start, end)

    def _split_whitespace(self, maxcount: int):
        PREALLOC_MAX = 12
        l = List[str](PREALLOC_MAX if maxcount >= PREALLOC_MAX else maxcount + 1)

        str_len = len(self)
        i = 0
        j = 0
        while maxcount > 0:
            maxcount -= 1
            while i < str_len and str._isspace(self.ptr[i]):
                i += 1
            if i == str_len:
                break
            j = i
            i += 1
            while i < str_len and not str._isspace(self.ptr[i]):
                i += 1
            l.append(self._slice(j, i))

        if i < str_len:
            while i < str_len and str._isspace(self.ptr[i]):
                i += 1
            if i != str_len:
                l.append(self._slice(i, str_len))

        return l

    def _rsplit_whitespace(self, maxcount: int):
        PREALLOC_MAX = 12
        l = List[str](PREALLOC_MAX if maxcount >= PREALLOC_MAX else maxcount + 1)

        str_len = len(self)
        i = str_len - 1
        j = str_len - 1
        while maxcount > 0:
            maxcount -= 1
            while i >= 0 and str._isspace(self.ptr[i]):
                i -= 1
            if i < 0:
                break
            j = i
            i -= 1
            while i >= 0 and not str._isspace(self.ptr[i]):
                i -= 1
            l.append(self._slice(i+1, j+1))

        if i >= 0:
            while i >= 0 and str._isspace(self.ptr[i]):
                i -= 1
            if i >= 0:
                l.append(self._slice(0, i+1))

        l.reverse()
        return l