# MAE > [Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners](https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06377) ## Abstract This paper shows that masked autoencoders (MAE) are scalable self-supervised learners for computer vision. Our MAE approach is simple: we mask random patches of the input image and reconstruct the missing pixels. It is based on two core designs. First, we develop an asymmetric encoder-decoder architecture, with an encoder that operates only on the visible subset of patches (without mask tokens), along with a lightweight decoder that reconstructs the original image from the latent representation and mask tokens. Second, we find that masking a high proportion of the input image, e.g., 75%, yields a nontrivial and meaningful self-supervisory task. Coupling these two designs enables us to train large models efficiently and effectively: we accelerate training (by 3× or more) and improve accuracy. Our scalable approach allows for learning high-capacity models that generalize well: e.g., a vanilla ViT-Huge model achieves the best accuracy (87.8%) among methods that use only ImageNet-1K data. Transfer performance in downstream tasks outperforms supervised pretraining and shows promising scaling behavior.
## Models and Benchmarks
Algorithm Backbone Epoch Batch Size Results (Top-1 %) Links
Linear Eval Fine-tuning Pretrain Linear Eval Fine-tuning
MAE ViT-base 300 4096 60.8 83.1 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-base 400 4096 62.5 83.3 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-base 800 4096 65.1 83.3 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-base 1600 4096 67.1 83.5 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-large 400 4096 70.7 85.2 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-large 800 4096 73.7 85.4 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-large 1600 4096 75.5 85.7 config | model | log config | model | log config | model | log
ViT-huge-FT-224 1600 4096 / 86.9 config | model | log / config | model | log
ViT-huge-FT-448 1600 4096 / 87.3 config | model | log / config | model | log
## Citation ```bibtex @article{He2021MaskedAA, title={Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners}, author={Kaiming He and Xinlei Chen and Saining Xie and Yanghao Li and Piotr Doll'ar and Ross B. Girshick}, journal={ArXiv}, year={2021} } ```